Haku
Viitteet 1961-1970 / 2945
Ensiapukoulutus ravitsemusliikkeen henkilökunnalle
(Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, 2014)
Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli järjestää laadukasta ensiapukoulutusta Itä-Uudenmaan ravitsemusliikkeen koko henkilökunnalle. Tämä opinnäytetyö oli tehty yhteistyössä Etelä-Suomen Turva-palvelun ja Porvoossa sijaitsevan ravitsemusliikkeen kanssa...
First aid education to a restaurant's staff The purpose of this thesis was to arrange quality first aid training for restaurant staff located in Eastern Uusimaa. This thesis was done in collaboration with Etelä-Suomen Turvapalvelu, a compa-ny that provides security services, and a restaurant in the city of Porvoo. The goal of the thesis was to educate the entire restaurant staff in first aid skills and also to improve our skills in teaching and guiding in the field of first aid training. This thesis was a practical study, consisting both of written and functional parts. In the written part the issues of first aid theories were addressed comprehensively and the source material consisted of recently published literature and common healthcare recommendations. During the practical part, latest information about first aid was shared and the trainees were encouraged to improve their skills and initiative to perform correctly in case of an emergency. To gather research data on the skills of the restaurant staff, two questionnaires were used; one before the training session, another afterwards. The pre-training questionnaire indicated that the staff felt they lacked the required first aid skills and knowledge. The post-training questionnaire showed significant improvement in the first aid skills of the participants. The areas involving cardio-pulmonary resuscitation skills and encounter-ing unconscious or lifeless persons stood out in the post-training questionnaire. After the training, the participants expressed growing interest towards first aid, and requested more training sessions to maintain their skills....
First aid education to a restaurant's staff The purpose of this thesis was to arrange quality first aid training for restaurant staff located in Eastern Uusimaa. This thesis was done in collaboration with Etelä-Suomen Turvapalvelu, a compa-ny that provides security services, and a restaurant in the city of Porvoo. The goal of the thesis was to educate the entire restaurant staff in first aid skills and also to improve our skills in teaching and guiding in the field of first aid training. This thesis was a practical study, consisting both of written and functional parts. In the written part the issues of first aid theories were addressed comprehensively and the source material consisted of recently published literature and common healthcare recommendations. During the practical part, latest information about first aid was shared and the trainees were encouraged to improve their skills and initiative to perform correctly in case of an emergency. To gather research data on the skills of the restaurant staff, two questionnaires were used; one before the training session, another afterwards. The pre-training questionnaire indicated that the staff felt they lacked the required first aid skills and knowledge. The post-training questionnaire showed significant improvement in the first aid skills of the participants. The areas involving cardio-pulmonary resuscitation skills and encounter-ing unconscious or lifeless persons stood out in the post-training questionnaire. After the training, the participants expressed growing interest towards first aid, and requested more training sessions to maintain their skills....
Lasten lääkehoito – Opas hoitotyön opiskelijalle
(Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, 2014)
toimii opiskelijan tukena perustason harjoittelussa. Opinnäytetyö on tehty Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulun omaan käyttöön.
Opinnäytetyön aihe valikoitui oman kokemuksen pohjalta vastaavan oppaan tarpeellisuudesta. Yleisimmät lasten sairaudet ja oma kokemus...
The aim of this study was to support students in children`s medical care know-how and im-plementation. The purpose of this functional thesis was to produce for nursing students in Laurea Otaniemi unit an easy to use and concise guide that supports...
The aim of this study was to support students in children`s medical care know-how and im-plementation. The purpose of this functional thesis was to produce for nursing students in Laurea Otaniemi unit an easy to use and concise guide that supports...
Mielenterveys- ja päihdeasiakkaiden hoitoketjut
(Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, 2014)
, hoidon vaikuttavuudesta ja mitä etuja ja haasteita eri hoitomuodoissa ilmenee. Tämä opinnäytetyö on osa KOHO II -hanketta ja Pumppu-hanketta. KOHO II -hanke on Etelä-Suomen mielenterveys- ja päihdepalveluiden kehittämisen Mielen avain -hankkeen osahanke...
Mental health and substance abuse clients’ care pathways The aim of this thesis was to examine the costs of care pathways over five years in the mental health and substance abuse services, in the area of city of Lohja and Joint Municipal Authority for Social and Health Services Karviainen. In addition, the aim was to find out what kind of experiences clients have of their own care pathways, and how fragmented and centered care are demonstrated in them. The goal was to produce information on care pathways’ cost structures, effectiveness of care, and what advantages and challenges appear in different forms of care. This thesis is part of KOHO II project which is a subproject of the Mielen avain project aiming to develop mental health and substance abuse services in Southern Finland; and part of Pumppu project funded by the European Regional Development Fund, implemented in Southern Finland and aiming to develop welfare services. The target group were the clients belonging to mental health and substance abuse service circle of Lohja city and JMASHS Karviainen, of whom the principal selected an elite sample of eight clients. Contrary to the plan, the study sample was merely qualitative. Information was gathered by individual theme interviews and analyzed with deductive content analysis. Based on the interviews it can be stated that the mental health and substance abuse clients’ care pathways are extremely fragmented in the area of Lohja city and JMASHS Karviainen. None of the mental health and substance abuse clients was discovered to have a centered care pathway. Because of lack of experiences on centered care pathways, no comparison between the differences of fragmented and centered care could be carried out. Therefore the advantages and challenges of centered care were solely examined through clients’ view, and the advantages and challenges of fragmented care were, in addition to clients’ view, reviewed through experiences. As a result it can be stated that the clients felt the care implemented in a centered way was clearly more pleasant than the care implemented in a fragmented way. Clarity of care, quality, well-known and safe personnel, and time the personnel has, facilitation to follow up one’s own wellbeing, and affordability could be pointed out as advantages of the centered care. Clients did not see any challenges in the centered care. Responsibility and social interaction increase in the availability of care and expertise of the personnel were mentioned as advantages of centered care. Randomness of the care location, obscurity of care, difficulty to engage, unnecessary repetition of issues and futility of care were mentioned as challenges of fragmented care. The prerequisites for successful fragmented care were adequate well-being and management of time. Because of lack of documentation this thesis does not show results on cost structures and cost-effectiveness. Based on review of the results, development proposal of integrating the mental health and substance abuse services could be presented for discussion. Clarifying the third research question is suggested for later research: What kind of costs do the different sectors of care pathways accumulate? In addition, the research results left outside the review are suggested to be utilized in the development of services....
Mental health and substance abuse clients’ care pathways The aim of this thesis was to examine the costs of care pathways over five years in the mental health and substance abuse services, in the area of city of Lohja and Joint Municipal Authority for Social and Health Services Karviainen. In addition, the aim was to find out what kind of experiences clients have of their own care pathways, and how fragmented and centered care are demonstrated in them. The goal was to produce information on care pathways’ cost structures, effectiveness of care, and what advantages and challenges appear in different forms of care. This thesis is part of KOHO II project which is a subproject of the Mielen avain project aiming to develop mental health and substance abuse services in Southern Finland; and part of Pumppu project funded by the European Regional Development Fund, implemented in Southern Finland and aiming to develop welfare services. The target group were the clients belonging to mental health and substance abuse service circle of Lohja city and JMASHS Karviainen, of whom the principal selected an elite sample of eight clients. Contrary to the plan, the study sample was merely qualitative. Information was gathered by individual theme interviews and analyzed with deductive content analysis. Based on the interviews it can be stated that the mental health and substance abuse clients’ care pathways are extremely fragmented in the area of Lohja city and JMASHS Karviainen. None of the mental health and substance abuse clients was discovered to have a centered care pathway. Because of lack of experiences on centered care pathways, no comparison between the differences of fragmented and centered care could be carried out. Therefore the advantages and challenges of centered care were solely examined through clients’ view, and the advantages and challenges of fragmented care were, in addition to clients’ view, reviewed through experiences. As a result it can be stated that the clients felt the care implemented in a centered way was clearly more pleasant than the care implemented in a fragmented way. Clarity of care, quality, well-known and safe personnel, and time the personnel has, facilitation to follow up one’s own wellbeing, and affordability could be pointed out as advantages of the centered care. Clients did not see any challenges in the centered care. Responsibility and social interaction increase in the availability of care and expertise of the personnel were mentioned as advantages of centered care. Randomness of the care location, obscurity of care, difficulty to engage, unnecessary repetition of issues and futility of care were mentioned as challenges of fragmented care. The prerequisites for successful fragmented care were adequate well-being and management of time. Because of lack of documentation this thesis does not show results on cost structures and cost-effectiveness. Based on review of the results, development proposal of integrating the mental health and substance abuse services could be presented for discussion. Clarifying the third research question is suggested for later research: What kind of costs do the different sectors of care pathways accumulate? In addition, the research results left outside the review are suggested to be utilized in the development of services....
Kohti hiljaista raportointia
(Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, 2014)
Tämä opinnäytetyö toteutettiin kehittämistyönä. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kehittää potilaan hoitotyöhön liittyvää tiedonkulkua erikoissairaanhoidon sisätautien ja neurologian vuodeosastolla. Opinnäytetyön tehtävinä oli selvittää hiljaisen...
Towards silent reporting This study was carried out as a development work. The purpose of this study was to develop the flow of patients’ nursing information in the special medical care department of internal medicine and neurology. The tasks of this study were to investigate the benefits of silent reporting and its requirements, prepare for the deployment of silent reporting, and deploying it. The goal was to establish silent reporting as an operating model at the special medical care department of internal medicine and neurology. Literature on informing and recording in the nursing field was studied to become familiar with the benefits and requirements of silent reporting. Silent reporting was found to improve the quality of recordings, decrease the transmissions of interpretations, enhance time management, and calm the reporting situations, among other things. Silent reporting required high-quality recording equipment, a quiet space and situation for reporting, and protection of collegial conversation. Preparations for the implementation of silent reporting began by observing the process of oral reporting in the target department, for example the time consumed and the number of inter-ruptions. About eight hours in total were spent daily with oral reporting. The department that had already taken silent reporting to use was visited to gather their experiences of the implementation of silent reporting. The purpose of department tutorials was to share information with employees and to stimulate discussion about silent reporting, and to get the staff involved in the development of silent reporting so as to make it fit their unit. During the two-week pilot period, the staff conducted silent reporting. The staff felt that silent reporting took less time, and that nursing plans and recording improved. The staff experienced some problems during the pilot period. They were related to the adequacy of the computers, to the difficulty to find a peaceful place to read in, and to the timing of the recording process. The staff maintained that patients were cared for as well as before. The head nurse noticed that the time spent on reporting was reduced, and that the collegial conversation among the nursing staff had increased. The staff felt that silent reporting became an operating model during the pilot period. They did not wish to return to oral reporting....
Towards silent reporting This study was carried out as a development work. The purpose of this study was to develop the flow of patients’ nursing information in the special medical care department of internal medicine and neurology. The tasks of this study were to investigate the benefits of silent reporting and its requirements, prepare for the deployment of silent reporting, and deploying it. The goal was to establish silent reporting as an operating model at the special medical care department of internal medicine and neurology. Literature on informing and recording in the nursing field was studied to become familiar with the benefits and requirements of silent reporting. Silent reporting was found to improve the quality of recordings, decrease the transmissions of interpretations, enhance time management, and calm the reporting situations, among other things. Silent reporting required high-quality recording equipment, a quiet space and situation for reporting, and protection of collegial conversation. Preparations for the implementation of silent reporting began by observing the process of oral reporting in the target department, for example the time consumed and the number of inter-ruptions. About eight hours in total were spent daily with oral reporting. The department that had already taken silent reporting to use was visited to gather their experiences of the implementation of silent reporting. The purpose of department tutorials was to share information with employees and to stimulate discussion about silent reporting, and to get the staff involved in the development of silent reporting so as to make it fit their unit. During the two-week pilot period, the staff conducted silent reporting. The staff felt that silent reporting took less time, and that nursing plans and recording improved. The staff experienced some problems during the pilot period. They were related to the adequacy of the computers, to the difficulty to find a peaceful place to read in, and to the timing of the recording process. The staff maintained that patients were cared for as well as before. The head nurse noticed that the time spent on reporting was reduced, and that the collegial conversation among the nursing staff had increased. The staff felt that silent reporting became an operating model during the pilot period. They did not wish to return to oral reporting....
Neurokirurgisen potilaan sedaation arvionti RASS-pisteytyksen avulla — Suositeltavat hoitokäytänteet
(Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, 2014)
Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli laatia suositeltavat käytänteet RASS-pisteytyksen käyttämiseen sedaation arvioinnissa Töölön sairaalan teho- ja valvontaosastolla (TVO). Opinnäytetyö projektin alkuvaiheessa kävimme työharjoitteluissa Töölön...
The goal of this thesis was to draw up recommended practices for assessing sedation in neurosurgical patients with Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). At the beginning of the thesis project the authors underwent their practical training on different wards at the Department of Neurosurgery at Töölö hospital. The thesis was assigned by the Department of Neurosurgery at Töölö hospital. The main goal of this thesis was to develop and unify the practices of sedation valuation in neurosurgical patients with the RASS from the nurse's point of view. The goal was also to guide the nursing staff to use RASS score when patient is sedated in the neurosurgical ICU. This thesis discusses how the nursing staff evaluates and monitors the state of sedation. Recommended practices were assembled by studying evidence based nursing using as sources Finnish books, Finnish sources and foreign sources. Also one of the most important sources was Töölö Hospital staff’s evidence based knowledge of treating the neurosurgical patients. The authors excluded research papers that had been published before the year 2002, because the knowledge of health care has increased considerably in the last few years. The data for the thesis has been collected from the databases such as EBSCO, Ovid Journal, PubMed in English and from Medic, Google scholar, Duodecim in Finnish. Further research should be conducted on by reassessing the project in two years. The authors recommend that the data should be collected from the nursing staff of the neurosurgical ICU, and assess the suitability of the recommended practices for their purposes....
The goal of this thesis was to draw up recommended practices for assessing sedation in neurosurgical patients with Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). At the beginning of the thesis project the authors underwent their practical training on different wards at the Department of Neurosurgery at Töölö hospital. The thesis was assigned by the Department of Neurosurgery at Töölö hospital. The main goal of this thesis was to develop and unify the practices of sedation valuation in neurosurgical patients with the RASS from the nurse's point of view. The goal was also to guide the nursing staff to use RASS score when patient is sedated in the neurosurgical ICU. This thesis discusses how the nursing staff evaluates and monitors the state of sedation. Recommended practices were assembled by studying evidence based nursing using as sources Finnish books, Finnish sources and foreign sources. Also one of the most important sources was Töölö Hospital staff’s evidence based knowledge of treating the neurosurgical patients. The authors excluded research papers that had been published before the year 2002, because the knowledge of health care has increased considerably in the last few years. The data for the thesis has been collected from the databases such as EBSCO, Ovid Journal, PubMed in English and from Medic, Google scholar, Duodecim in Finnish. Further research should be conducted on by reassessing the project in two years. The authors recommend that the data should be collected from the nursing staff of the neurosurgical ICU, and assess the suitability of the recommended practices for their purposes....
Omaishoitajuuden monet kasvot
(Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, 2014)
Opinnäytetyössä tuodaan esille omaishoitajuuden laajaa kirjoa, avataan omaishoitaja termin käsitteistöä sekä palvelurakennetta. Omaishoitajia haastattelemalla oli tarkoituksena selvittää omaishoitajien kokemuksia omaishoitajuudesta. Opinnäytetyön tilaaja Hyvinkään Seudun Omaishoitajat ja Läheiset ry hyödyntää opinnäytetyön tuloksia tiedotus- ja opetustoiminnassaan.
Opinnäytetyö on kvalitatiivinen ja aineistona ovat omaishoitajille toteutetut teemahaastattelut. Keväällä 2014 haastatteluihin osallistui 5 omaishoitajaa. Tutkimuskysymyksiä on kolme: 1. Miten helposti tietoa on saatavilla omaishoitajan sekä hoidettavan oikeuksista ja tarjolla olevista palveluista ja etuuksista, 2. Millaisia kokemuksia omaishoitajilla on saamastaan tuesta ja palveluista, 3. Miten omaishoitajien jaksamista voidaan tukea.
Tutkimustuloksista ilmeni, että tietoa omaishoitajuudesta ei ole tarpeeksi tarjolla. Omaishoitajat kaipasivat lisää tietoa ja neuvontaa, etenkin omaishoitotilanteen alkuvaiheessa. Haastatteluiden perusteella omaishoitoperheet käyttävät hyvin vähän kotona selviytymistä tukevia palveluita. Tärkeimmiksi omaishoitajan jaksamista tukeviksi asioiksi nousivat vapaa-aika, vertaistuki sekä perheen ja ystävien tuki. Omaishoitajat toivovat lisää vapaa-aikaa sekä hoidettaville tilapäisiä lyhytaikaisia päivähoitopaikkoja....
This thesis highlights the wide coverage that informal care has as well as opening up the concepts of the term “family caregiver” and the structure of the services. The purpose of this thesis was to find out about family caregivers experiences...
This thesis highlights the wide coverage that informal care has as well as opening up the concepts of the term “family caregiver” and the structure of the services. The purpose of this thesis was to find out about family caregivers experiences...
Rakkaudesta lajiin -Cheerleading ja ensiapu
(Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, 2014)
Cheerleading on vauhdikas ja monipuolinen urheilulaji, jota on harrastettu maassamme jo 1980-luvulta lähtien saavuttaen menestystä myös ulkomailla. Lajissa yhdistyvät niin tanssi kuin akrobatia, nostot ja pyramidit sekä ...
Ikääntyneiden lääkehoito –tutkimus Hyvinkään terveyskeskuksen vuodeosastolla
(Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, 2014)
Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on tuottaa tietoa Hyvinkään terveyskeskuksen vuodeosastolla 11 marraskuussa 2013 hoidossa olleiden 75-vuotiaiden ja sitä vanhempien ikääntyneiden potilaiden käyttämistä lääkkeistä. Opinnäytetyöprosessin aikana olemme tehneet yhteistyötä kansallisen lääkealan turvallisuus- ja kehittämiskeskus, Fimean moniammatillisen lääkehoidon kehittämistiimin kanssa. Kehittämistiimi on perustettu ikääntyneiden lääkehoidon järkeistämiseksi kunnissa.
Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä osassa tutustuimme Hyvinkään Fimean moniammatillisen kehit-tämistiimin toimintaan. Tavoitteenamme oli selvittää mitä kehittämiskohteita tiimillä on. Saimme tietoa kehittämistiimin toiminnasta osallistumalla joulukuussa 2013 pidettyyn tiimin kokoukseen sekä olemalla yhteydessä työelämänyhteistyökumppanimme kanssa. Tutkimuksen toisessa osassa tutkimusmenetelmänä oli kvantitatiivinen lähestymistapa. Tutkimusaineistona käytimme potilaiden tulolääkelistoja. Keräsimme tietoa lääkelistoissa esiintyvistä monilääkityksistä ja lääkkeiden yhteisvaikutuksista. Saimme myös tietoa siitä, minkä terapiaryhmien lääkkeitä tutkimuspotilailla oli käytössä ja kuinka lääkkeet soveltuvat iäkkäiden lääkehoidossa käytettäviksi.
Selvityksessä ilmeni, että kyseisellä tutkimusjoukolla monilääkitys oli hyvin yleistä. Tutkimus-potilaista 77,8 %:lla ylittyi monilääkityksen raja ja 40,7 %:lla ylittyi merkittävän monilääkityksen raja. Keskimäärin tutkimuspotilailla oli 8,7 lääkettä säännöllisessä käytössä. Tutkimuspotilaissa oli huomattavasti enemmän naisia kuin miehiä. Merkittäviä lääkkeiden yhteisvaikutuksia oli 9,3 %:lla tutkimuspotilaista. Fimean iäkkäiden lääkityksen tietokannan mukaan 75–vuotiailla ja sitä vanhemmilla vältettäviä lääkkeitä oli käytössä 29,6 %:lla kaikista tutkimuspotilaista. Ikääntyneillä vältettävien lääkkeiden ja kliinisesti merkittävien yhteisvaikutusten esiintyminen oli yhteydessä monilääkitykseen.
Johtopäätöksinä voimme todeta, että ikääntyneiden lääkehoidossa on edelleen kehitettävää.
Opinnäytetyössämme tekemä selvitys antoi tietoa ikääntyneiden lääkkeiden käytöstä kyseisellä terveyskeskuksen vuodeosastolla yhden kuukauden ajalta. Tutkimustulokset ovat lääkehoidon moniammatillisen kehittämistiimin käytettävissä kansallisessa lääkehoidon kehittämisessä Hyvinkään kaupungissa.
Olemme tyytyväisiä tutkimuksemme toteutukseen ja koemme, että olemme tuottaneet luotettavaa ja hyödyllistä tutkimustietoa ikääntyneiden lääkehoidosta....
The purpose on this thesis was to produce knowledge about the medications that were used by 75- old and older patients that were treated in Hyvinkääs health center ward 11 in November 2013. During the thesis process we have collaborated with Finish...
The purpose on this thesis was to produce knowledge about the medications that were used by 75- old and older patients that were treated in Hyvinkääs health center ward 11 in November 2013. During the thesis process we have collaborated with Finish...
Tekonivelleikkauksen jälkeinen sähköinen potilasohjaus
(Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, 2014)
Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kehittää tekonivelpotilaan leikkauksen jälkeistä sähköistä potilasohjausta Lohjan sairaalassa. Sähköinen potilasohjaus auttaa kotiutunutta potilasta itse selviytymään ja kuntoutumaan. ...
Desorientoituneen potilaan kivun arviointi : Kyselytutkimus hoitajien osaamisesta sisätautien vuodeosastolla
(Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu, 2014)
Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoitus oli tutkia sisätautien vuodeosastolla työskentelevien hoitajien osaamista desorientoituneen potilaan kivun arvioinnissa. Opinnäytetyö oli jatkoa samalla osastolla tehdylle kehittämisprojektille, jonka aiheena oli kivun...
The pain assessment of a disoriented patient: A survey of nurses’ expertise in medical ward The purpose of this thesis was to explore the know-how of medical ward nurses assessing the pain of disoriented patients. This thesis was a continuation for a development project conducted in the same ward that sought to improve pain assessment and implement the use of a pain scale. During the development project we observed a need to explore and develop the pain assessment of disoriented patients. The research method of this thesis was a survey. The survey was done during an education day for nurses. The theme of the day was the development of pain assessment. In their answers, the nurses brought up the importance of developing the pain assessment of disoriented patients. Most of the nurses had never been educated on the subject during their working lives. The nurses brought up the need for more comprehensive education and consistent methods for pain assessment. Most of the nurses also felt that they needed specific tools, such as the PAINAD-scale, to support the pain assessment of disoriented patients. None of the nurses had used any kind of pain assessing tools when assessing the pain of disoriented patients. According to the results of the survey, the pain assessment of disoriented patients should be improved and education on the topic should be increased. To improve the pain assessment of disoriented patients and therefore also the treatment of pain, nurses should be provided with additional education and information on the different kinds of pain assessment tools. It would also be important to create uniform guidelines in pain assessment for all work units to make pain assessment more reliable and accurate with every patient....
The pain assessment of a disoriented patient: A survey of nurses’ expertise in medical ward The purpose of this thesis was to explore the know-how of medical ward nurses assessing the pain of disoriented patients. This thesis was a continuation for a development project conducted in the same ward that sought to improve pain assessment and implement the use of a pain scale. During the development project we observed a need to explore and develop the pain assessment of disoriented patients. The research method of this thesis was a survey. The survey was done during an education day for nurses. The theme of the day was the development of pain assessment. In their answers, the nurses brought up the importance of developing the pain assessment of disoriented patients. Most of the nurses had never been educated on the subject during their working lives. The nurses brought up the need for more comprehensive education and consistent methods for pain assessment. Most of the nurses also felt that they needed specific tools, such as the PAINAD-scale, to support the pain assessment of disoriented patients. None of the nurses had used any kind of pain assessing tools when assessing the pain of disoriented patients. According to the results of the survey, the pain assessment of disoriented patients should be improved and education on the topic should be increased. To improve the pain assessment of disoriented patients and therefore also the treatment of pain, nurses should be provided with additional education and information on the different kinds of pain assessment tools. It would also be important to create uniform guidelines in pain assessment for all work units to make pain assessment more reliable and accurate with every patient....









