Safety of Ammonia Fuel in Maritime Sector for Transportation, Operation, Fueling and Use in Satakunta- Region Focusing on Aspects of Sustainability

Abstract

The maritime industry is under increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating a shift from traditional fossil fuels to alternative, more sustainable energy sources. This thesis explores ammonia as a potential marine fuel, analysing its viability in terms of economic feasibility, safety, regulatory frameworks, and technological readiness. The study combines insights from primary data collected through interviews with industry experts, and secondary data from recent reports and ongoing projects within the Satakunta region and Finland. Findings reveal that while ammonia holds significant promise as a zero-carbon fuel, its adoption is hindered by challenges related to high production costs, toxic properties, and the substantial infrastructure investments required. Safety remains a top concern among stakeholders, with calls for advanced leak detection systems, crew training, and specific handling protocols to mitigate ammonia’s toxicity risks. Economically, ammonia’s competitiveness is anticipated to improve as green hydrogen production scales, though substantial subsidies and regulatory support may be needed in the interim. Technological advancements in ammonia engines and fuel systems are ongoing but have yet to reach widespread operational readiness. The thesis concludes that while ammonia offers a sustainable alternative with the potential to contribute to maritime decarbonization goals, a collaborative approach involving regulatory bodies, industry stakeholders, and technological innovators is essential to address the associated challenges. Recommendations include the development of global safety standards, increased investment in ammonia-compatible infrastructure, and ongoing research to improve ammonia’s economic and operational viability as a marine fuel.