Empirical Evaluation of Health and Wellbeing Living Lab Business Models

Abstract

Living Labs (LLs) are among the user-centred open innovation approaches. LL approach is highlighting RDI operations in the real-life environments together with end-users and other relevant stakeholders while utilizing various research and development methods across the different innovation process stages. The main aim of this study is to empirically identify and compare health and wellbeing LL current and future business models by utilizing empirical Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach. In total BMC survey instrument included 101 variables ranging from nine to fifteen variables depending on the BMC item. In all, fourteen LL from eight different countries send their self-evaluation response. The paper compares the similarities and differences at LL level as well as BMC item level. The results suggest that there is not a universal business model among the sample selection LL organisations.