Safe Reuse of Urine: Screening of Stored Urine for Pharmaceuticals Using Chromatography
Zambeze Kallio, Cláudia (2012)
Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu
2012
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Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-201301081183
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-201301081183
Tiivistelmä
Urine has a large potential to be used as fertilizer due to the nutrient content in ionic form. As the amount of reused urine grows, the concern with the safety also grows when it comes to the presence of microorganisms and pharmaceuticals. In this paper, the concentrations of the nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, were determined as well as the presence of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. The determination nitrogen and phosphorus, was done by Hach-Lange DR 2800 spectrophotometer. The other nutrients were analyzed using the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
The presence of pharmaceuticals was done by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. In the High Performance Liquid Chromatography, urine samples, were hydrolyzed with HCl. The organic layer was separated using a C18 SPE separation column. The organic layer was eluted with dichloromethane and then evaporated to dryness with a N2-flow and recovered with MeCN prior to analysis in a 150 mm long, SB-C18 column.
In the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method, urine samples were loaded in a C18 SPE column and eluted with methanol. The eluate was later dried using a nitrogen flow and dissolved in ultrapure water. After pH adjustment, the pharmaceuticals were removed with methyl-tert-butyl ether re-dried under a nitrogen flow and recovered with methanol prior to separation.
Concentrations in a g/L range were obtained for N,P and K, and for Mg and Ca in the concentrations were in mg/L range. Pharmaceuticals such as androsterone, epiandrosterone, prasterone 3-sulfate , 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol and caffeine were identified.
The presence of pharmaceuticals was done by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. In the High Performance Liquid Chromatography, urine samples, were hydrolyzed with HCl. The organic layer was separated using a C18 SPE separation column. The organic layer was eluted with dichloromethane and then evaporated to dryness with a N2-flow and recovered with MeCN prior to analysis in a 150 mm long, SB-C18 column.
In the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method, urine samples were loaded in a C18 SPE column and eluted with methanol. The eluate was later dried using a nitrogen flow and dissolved in ultrapure water. After pH adjustment, the pharmaceuticals were removed with methyl-tert-butyl ether re-dried under a nitrogen flow and recovered with methanol prior to separation.
Concentrations in a g/L range were obtained for N,P and K, and for Mg and Ca in the concentrations were in mg/L range. Pharmaceuticals such as androsterone, epiandrosterone, prasterone 3-sulfate , 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol and caffeine were identified.