Masonry Tie Calculator for Wind Loads

Abstract

This thesis, commissioned by SHAH Oy and conducted in partnership with Symotic Oy, aims to optimize and streamline the selection process for masonry ties in construction. To address these needs, an Excel-based calculator was developed to determine the optimal quantity and placement of masonry ties required to secure a masonry facade to a building’s primary structure, accounting for the complex effects of wind loads. The calculator integrates Eurocode guidelines and has been created for use in Finland as it utilises values and guidelines provided in the Finnish National Annex. The calculator considers different terrain categories outlined in Eurocodes as well as the effect of internal air pressure acting on the structure. Other factors considered in the calculator include the type of masonry ties, movement allowing or straight ties, and the three possible failure modes of the ties. Conservative assumptions have been made to ensure that the calculator is safe and can be applied to a wide range of buildings. The final output provides a clear breakdown of the tie quantities required across four key facade positions, accounting for both compressive and suction forces from the wind. The final report generated by the Excel calculator includes a clear diagram for the user, presenting all calculations and values used to reach the final results. Comparison with competitor tools confirm that the calculator meets industry standards for precision and efficiency. This thesis demonstrates the potential benefits of tailored engineering tools in optimizing building design processes that are often repetitive in nature. Although the calculator performs well, future development could address additional facade types, details about where additional ties may be required, and improving its usability across other European countries.