Challenges and opportunities for Afghan integration in Finland : a social and cultural analysis

Abstract

This thesis explored both the obstacles and opportunities that shape how Afghan immigrants integrate into Finnish society. It drew on three key theoretical frameworks: Berry’s (1997) acculturation theory, Ager and Strang’s (2008) model of social integration, and Crenshaw’s (1989) concept of intersectionality. Together, these perspectives provided tools to unpack how identity, systems, and everyday life interact throughout the integration journey. The study employed a qualitative methodology, using content and document analysis to examine academic literature, policy texts, and organisational reports. A literature matrix was developed to organise recurring themes, with insights derived through an inductive analysis process. Ethical considerations were observed, and the researcher’s positionality was critically examined throughout.

The findings revealed that Afghan immigrants in Finland face interconnected challenges, including language barriers, economic marginalisation, discrimination, and limited access to culturally sensitive mental health services. However, the study also identified positive mechanisms such as community-based support, tailored language programmes, and digital inclusion efforts.

The thesis concludes that integration should be approached through an intersectional and context-sensitive lens. Policy recommendations are proposed to enhance inclusion, equity, and long-term social cohesion. This research contributes both to theoretical discourse and to practical policymaking aimed at strengthening immigrant integration in Finland.