Sustainable Cement Manufacturing in Kenya: A Case Study of Mombasa Cement Limited with Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Low Carbon Alternatives

Abstract

The cement industry is a vital enabler of infrastructure development, yet it also poses significant environmental challenges, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions and high energy consumption. This study investigates sustainable cement manufacturing practices by conducting a case study of Mombasa Cement Limited in Kenya. It explores the environmental, economic, and social aspects of sustainability using a mixed-methods approach, integrating life cycle assessment, stakeholder interviews, surveys, and secondary data analysis. The research had three main objectives: to evaluate the current sustainability initiatives at Mombasa Cement, compare the environmental performance of traditional Portland cement with alternative cement formulations, and recommend strategies to enhance sustainability. The life cycle assessment demonstrated that alternative cement compositions, particularly those incorporating calcined clay and geothermal energy, substantially reduce carbon emissions and resource utilization compared to conventional Portland cement. The study concludes that the adoption of cleaner technologies, supportive policy frameworks, and stakeholder engagement can enable sustainable cement production. Mombasa Cement Limited serves as a useful reference point for cement manufacturers in developing regions seeking to align with global sustainability goals while addressing local socioeconomic challenges.