Narrative Through Level Design: Environmental storytelling through shapes and spaces

Abstract

This thesis examines how level design conveys narrative through the use of shapes and spaces in 3D games. The objective is to understand how spatial design principles support narrative within game spaces. A qualitative research approach is used, consisting of a formal comparative analysis of Kirby: Forgotten Land (2022) and Super Mario Odyssey (2017), and a reflective case study of the personal game jam project Another Plushie (2025). The comparative analysis focuses on how these games apply spatial design principles to convey narrative, while the case study reflects on how insights from established games inform personal design practice. Spatial design tools convey narrative most effectively through progression and contrast. While Super Mario Odyssey constructs a complete narrative arc through progressive spatial storytelling and dramatic vertical ascension, Kirby: Forgotten Land presents a chapter-like progression emphasizing forward movement and subtle variation. The case study demonstrates successful use of thematic shape language and contrast for navigation but identifies missed opportunities in progression and dramatic tension. The research concludes that the intentional use of spatial design principles supports narrative flow and emotional pacing. Limitations include a narrow sample size, focus on specific genres, and subjective interpretation. Future research could explore other game genres and integrate cognitive science perspectives to deepen understanding of how spatial design conveys narrative.