Kustannustehokkain kuivike tasalattiapihattoon
Siro, Mila (2025)
2025
All rights reserved. This publication is copyrighted. You may download, display and print it for Your own personal use. Commercial use is prohibited.
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-202601151330
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-202601151330
Tiivistelmä
Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on vertailla erilaisia tasalattiapihattoon sopivia kuivikkeita. Työssä halutaan selvittää kustannustehokkain kuivike kyseiseen pihattotyyppiin. Työn tilaajana toimii Jokisen tila. Jokisen tila on keskikokoinen luonnonmukaisessa tuotannossa oleva kasvinviljelytila. Tilalla on ollut 2000-luvun alussa emolehmiä ja tulevaisuudessa tilalla on tavoitteena siirtyä uudelleen emolehmätuotantoon. Tilalla on 174 m2 pihatto, johon mahtuu naudan painon mukaan 15–25 emolehmää. Tässä työssä kuivikkeiden kustannukset on laskettu 20 emolehmälle. Kuivikkeet vaikuttavat suuresti eläinten hyvinvointiin. Huonolla kuivikkeella on negatiivisia vaikutuksia eläimen hyvinvoinnin lisäksi sen tuotokseen. Naudalle mieluinen kuivike on puhdas, imukykyinen, pehmeä ja lämmin. Mikäli kuivike on hyvä, haluaa nauta mielellään maata sen päällä. Maatessaan nauta lepuuttaa sorkkiaan ja sen märehtiminen tehostuu. Näillä kummallakin on suora vaikutus eläimen hyvinvointiin ja siten tuotokseen. Kuivikkeet myös muodostavat yhden tilan suurimmista kulueristä. Erityisesti nykyisessä taloustilanteessa on tärkeää saada minimoitua tilan kustannukset. Tämän vuoksi on tärkeää löytää tilalle ja pihatolle sopivin kuivike niin ominaisuuksiltaan kuin kustannuksiltaan. Työssä käydään läpi perinteisten kuivikkeiden turpeen, oljen, sahanpurun ja kutterin lisäksi separoitu lanta, ruokohelpi ja hamppu. Työssä selvitetään jokaisen kuivikkeen ominaisuudet. Ominaisuuksiin vaikuttavat muun muassa kuivikkeen kuiva-ainepitoisuus, tilavuuspaino ja veden- tai nesteenpidätyskyky. Lisäksi tutkimme kuivikkeen rakennetta ja sopivuutta tasalattiapihattoon. Kuivikkeista selvitetään ominaisuuksien lisäksi niiden kustannuksia. Kustannuksiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä ovat muun muassa kuivikkeen kulutus, sen saatavuus ja varastointiin tarvittava tila. Varastotilan tarvetta voidaan arvioida kuivikkeiden tilavuuspainojen avulla. Varastotilan tarpeeseen vaikuttaa kuivikkeen kulutus. Kulutusta työssä arvioidaan kuivitussuositusten mukaan. Saatavuutta sivutaan jokaisen kuivikkeen kohdalla, mutta sitä on vaikea määrittää. Oljelle, ruokohelvelle ja hampulle lasketaan korjuutyöstä muodostuvat kustannukset niin itse pyöröpaaliin tehtynä kuin urakoitsijalta ostettuna työnä. Oljelle on laskettu myös ostopaaleista muodostuvat kustannukset. Ominaisuuksien ja kustannusten perusteella voidaan arvioida kustannustehokkain kuivike. Kuivikkeita verrataan toisiinsa ominaisuuksiensa osalta ja niistä valitaan navettatyyppiin sopivin. Tämän jälkeen voidaan kuivikkeita verrata toisiinsa kustannuksien osalta. Vertailun lopuksi saadaan kustannustehokkaimmaksi kuivikkeeksi korsimateriaalit ja niistä parhaimmaksi olki. Oljen jälkeen tulee hamppu ja sitten ruokohelpi. Sahanpuru ja kutteri tulevat korsimateriaalien jälkeen. Viimeisimmiksi jää turve ja separoitu lanta. Separoitu lanta ei sovi tasalattiapihattoon kestokuivikepohjalle liian suuren käyttömäärän vuoksi. Tällöin nauta ei enää pysty tuottamaan lantaa omaan kuivitustarpeeseensa. Turve jäi yllättävästi toiseksi viimeiseksi vaihtoehdoksi erinomaisista ominaisuuksistaan huolimatta. Turpeen kustannukset kuitenkin nousivat niin korkeiksi, ettei se ole kustannustehokas vaihtoehto. The purpose of this thesis is to compare different types of bedding materials that are suitable for a flat floor cowshed. The aim of the work is to find out the most cost-effective bedding for that type of cowshed. The work is commissioned by Jokinen Tila. Jokinen Tila is a medium-sized organic arable farm. At the beginning of the 2000s, the farm has had suckler cows and in the future the farm wants to switch to suckler cow production again. The farm has a cowshed of about 174 m2, which can accommodate 15-20 suckler cows, depending on the weight of the cattle. In this work, the cost of bedding has been calculated for 20 suckler cows.
Drainage has a major impact on animal welfare. Poor litter has negative effects not only on the welfare of the animal, but also on its output. The bedding preferred for cattle is clean, absorbent, soft and warm. When the litter is good, the cow likes to lie down. As the cattle lie down, they rest their hooves and their rumination becomes more efficient. Both have a direct impact on the animal's well-being and thus output.
Bedding also form one of the largest cost items on the farm. Especially in the current economic situation, it is important to minimize the costs of the farm. This is why it is important to find the most suitable bedding for the farm and yard, both in terms of characteristics and cost.
In addition to the peat, straw, sawdust and wood shavings of traditional bedding, the work involves separated manure, as well as reed canary grass and hemp. In the work, the characteristics of each bedding are determined. The properties are influenced by, among other things, the dry matter content of the bedding, the volumetric weight and the water or liquid retention capacity. In addition, we study the structure and suitability of bedding for a flat-floor yard. In addition to the features, the costs of the litter are also examined. Factors that affect costs include the consumption of bedding, its availability and the space needed for storage. The need for storage space can be estimated using the volume weights of bedding. The need for storage space is affected by the consumption of bedding. Consumption at work is assessed according to drying recommendations. The availability is ignored for each litter, but it is difficult to determine. For straw, reed canary grass and hemp, the costs of harvesting the bale are calculated when doing the work yourself and bought from the contractor. For straw, The cost of purchased bales was also calculated.
Based on characteristics and costs, the most cost-effective bedding can be estimated. The bedding materials are compared to each other in terms of their characteristics and the one most suitable for the barn type is chosen. Bedding can then be compared in terms of cost. At the end of the comparison, the result was that straw is the most cost-effective material. After straw comes hemp and then reed canary grass. Sawdust and wood shavings come after the straw materials. The last ones are peat and separated manure. Separated manure is not suitable for even flooring due to the excessive amount of use. In this case, the cattle will no longer be able to produce manure for their own bedding needs. Surprisingly, peat was the second last option, despite its excellent properties. However, the costs of peat rose so high that it is not a cost-effective option.
Drainage has a major impact on animal welfare. Poor litter has negative effects not only on the welfare of the animal, but also on its output. The bedding preferred for cattle is clean, absorbent, soft and warm. When the litter is good, the cow likes to lie down. As the cattle lie down, they rest their hooves and their rumination becomes more efficient. Both have a direct impact on the animal's well-being and thus output.
Bedding also form one of the largest cost items on the farm. Especially in the current economic situation, it is important to minimize the costs of the farm. This is why it is important to find the most suitable bedding for the farm and yard, both in terms of characteristics and cost.
In addition to the peat, straw, sawdust and wood shavings of traditional bedding, the work involves separated manure, as well as reed canary grass and hemp. In the work, the characteristics of each bedding are determined. The properties are influenced by, among other things, the dry matter content of the bedding, the volumetric weight and the water or liquid retention capacity. In addition, we study the structure and suitability of bedding for a flat-floor yard. In addition to the features, the costs of the litter are also examined. Factors that affect costs include the consumption of bedding, its availability and the space needed for storage. The need for storage space can be estimated using the volume weights of bedding. The need for storage space is affected by the consumption of bedding. Consumption at work is assessed according to drying recommendations. The availability is ignored for each litter, but it is difficult to determine. For straw, reed canary grass and hemp, the costs of harvesting the bale are calculated when doing the work yourself and bought from the contractor. For straw, The cost of purchased bales was also calculated.
Based on characteristics and costs, the most cost-effective bedding can be estimated. The bedding materials are compared to each other in terms of their characteristics and the one most suitable for the barn type is chosen. Bedding can then be compared in terms of cost. At the end of the comparison, the result was that straw is the most cost-effective material. After straw comes hemp and then reed canary grass. Sawdust and wood shavings come after the straw materials. The last ones are peat and separated manure. Separated manure is not suitable for even flooring due to the excessive amount of use. In this case, the cattle will no longer be able to produce manure for their own bedding needs. Surprisingly, peat was the second last option, despite its excellent properties. However, the costs of peat rose so high that it is not a cost-effective option.