The role of social media in eating disorders - a nursing perspective

Abstract

Social media is an important part of everyday life. While it helps people stay connected, it can also influence how they feel about their bodies and eating habits. This qualitative descriptive literature review uses thematic analysis aimed at exploring how social media affects eating disorders and disordered eating behaviours. This method of analysis collects and summarises existing research to understand what is already known and find gaps. (Snyder 2019) The study is guided by Neuman’s Systems Model, which focuses on how environmental stressors affect an individual’s stability and health. As Hayden S. (2011) explains, “the Neuman Systems Model is based on the relationship of the client system to environmental stressors and the use of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention for retention, attainment, and maintenance of optimal wellness”. The review is based on 15 recent research articles published between 2025 and 2026. The findings highlight three main themes: time spent online, body dissatisfaction, and peer pressure. Spending more time on social media increases exposure to ideal body images, dieting trends, and food-related content, which can lead to unhealthy behaviours. Many people compare themselves to edited and unrealistic images online, lowering self-esteem and increasing stress. Peer pressure also plays a key role, as social media encourages constant comparison with friends and influencers, increasing pressure to look a certain way. The review shows that the relationship can be bidirectional. Eating disorder symptoms may increase time spent online, worsening the problem. However, social media can also offer support through recovery communities and body-positive content. In conclusion, social media has both harmful and helpful effects. Limiting screen time, promoting positive body image, and raising awareness may help reduce eating disorder risk among young people.

Keywords: Social media, Eating disorders, Body dissatisfaction, Adolescents, Peer pressure, Social comparison, Internet use, Mental health, Neuman’s Systems Model.