Effective Water Management Strategies in Somalia

Abstract

Climate change, poor governance, and inadequate infrastructure are the main causes of Somalia's severe and ongoing water crisis. Millions of Somalis still lack access to safe and affordable water, particularly in rural areas, but also increasingly in urban areas, despite decades of international support. Although Somalia contributes very little to global emissions, it suffers some of the worst impacts of climate change, making it a clear example of global environmental injustice.This study investigates how water is accessed, managed, and experienced in different regions of Somalia. It draws on interviews with individuals who have lived in or visited Somaliland, Puntland, and Mogadishu, supported by a diaspora survey of Finnish-Somalis. These perspectives are complemented by institutional reports and comparative case studies from Kenya and Saudi Arabia, both of which have addressed similar water challenges through local innovation and public investment.The findings show that informal systems such as berkads, shallow wells, and water vendors are central to daily life, while mobile services like EVC Plus enable households to pay for water services despite a lack of formal infrastructure. Communities demonstrate resilience, but long-term solutions remain limited.This thesis argues that water insecurity affects not only survival but also human dignity and national development. Real change will require political commitment, institutional accountability, and a united effort to overcome divisions such as tribalism. Developing a sustainable and inclusive water system requires a People-centred approach.