Vector Network Analyzer and VNA measurements

Abstract

Vector network analyzers (VNAs) are essential tools for RF measurements, but their usability and measurement capability vary significantly depending on instrument design and available configuration options. The aim of this thesis is to examine how VNA parameters and specifications influence measurement quality and to identify which types of VNAs are suitable for different user needs, rather than performing detailed component or device characterization.

The study is based on reference measurements carried out using three VNAs representing entry-level, mid-range, and advanced instruments. Standard RF measurement practices were applied, including appropriate calibration methods and controlled measurement conditions. The measurements serve as illustrative examples to evaluate how instrument configuration and inherent limitations affect practical measurement outcomes.

The results show that VNA capability strongly influences measurement flexibility and reliability. Instruments with broader and more adjustable parameter sets enable a wider range of measurements and support advanced research activities, while simpler VNAs remain effective within their defined operating ranges.

From a practical perspective, the findings are particularly relevant for educational institutions, teaching laboratories, and engineering environments where instrument selection must balance performance and usability. The thesis demonstrates that meaningful RF measurements can be achieved across different VNA classes when their limitations are properly understood.

This work is limited to reference measurements and does not focus on in-depth analysis of device characteristics. Future work could extend the study to higher frequencies, additional device types, or alternative measurement and calibration techniques. Overall, the thesis emphasizes the importance of informed VNA selection based on application requirements and user needs.