Geothermal Energy Strategies: A Comparative Study of Austria, Finland, Iceland and New Zealand

Abstract

This thesis examines geothermal energy extraction methods in Austria, Finland, Iceland and New Zealand, comparing volcanic and non-volcanic environments to understand their efficiency and feasibility. Geothermal energy is an important component of sustainable energy strategies, providing a consistent energy supply with minimal environmental impact. The aim of the study is to explore the technical, environmental and political influences on different extraction methods and to address the following research questions How do geological conditions affect geothermal energy production? What are the environmental and policy implications of these methods?

Key concepts from the knowledge base include geothermal resource availability, high and low enthalpy extraction methods, and the role of policy and regulatory frameworks. The research methods include comparative analysis of geothermal technologies, data collection from case studies in the selected countries, and an assessment of environmental and policy factors influencing the use of geothermal energy.

The main findings indicate that volcanic regions such as Iceland and New Zealand effectively utilise direct steam and flash steam technologies due to their high-enthalpy geothermal fluids. In contrast, Austria and Finland, with non volcanic environments, primarily use low-enthalpy resources through heat pumps and district heating, adapting to geological constraints. The thesis concludes that geothermal energy, supported by diverse extraction methods and robust policy frameworks, has an important role to play in the global transition to renewable energy. The findings underline the importance of technological advances and informed policy-making to improve the efficiency and sustainability of geothermal energy extraction.