Circular economy in the nuclear industry

Abstract

The nuclear power industry is critical to achieving global low-carbon energy goals, yet it faces persistent challenges around radioactive waste, resource efficiency, and sustainability. While Circular Economy (CE) principles have been widely applied in manufacturing and renewable energy sectors to promote resource optimization and waste minimization, their potential in nuclear power remains under-explored.

This thesis develops a comprehensive theoretical framework for applying CE strategies across the entire nuclear power lifecycle—from uranium mining and fuel fabrication to plant operation, spent fuel management, and decommissioning. Drawing on key international regulatory guidance from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), UK Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR), Finland’s Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), and the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO), this research demonstrates how CE principles such as design for decommissioning, fuel recycling, asset life extension, and waste hierarchy can align with existing safety and sustainability standards.

Through a qualitative review of academic literature, regulatory documents, and industry practices, the study identifies gaps in existing research—particularly the lack of integrated frameworks harmonizing CE strategies with nuclear regulatory requirements. The proposed framework provides a structured approach for policymakers, regulators, and industry stakeholders to advance circularity in nuclear power while maintaining rigorous safety standards. By applying CE thinking to the nuclear lifecycle, this research contributes to sustainable energy transition goals, offering practical pathways for minimizing waste, optimizing resources, and ensuring ethical stewardship for future generations.